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Indeed, while custom-designed smartphone attachments may allow for blood-based, point-of-care diagnosis and analysis 5, the burden of blood sampling combined with the additional cost and need for equipment external to the smartphone prevents broader adoption of these potentially disruptive technologies.ĭue to its high prevalence affecting over 2 billion people globally, anemia, characterized by low blood hemoglobin (Hgb) levels 6, was chosen as the initial disease target for us to study.
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Our on-demand system enables anyone with a smartphone to download an app and immediately detect anemia anywhere and anytime.Īlthough smartphone-based telehealth has the potential to change how healthcare is delivered by enabling remote diagnosis 1, these technologies have yet to non-invasively replace blood-based testing, which remains a major cornerstone of disease diagnosis in modern medicine 2, 3, 4. Moreover, with personalized calibration, this system achieves an accuracy of ☐.92 g dL −1 of CBC hemoglobin levels ( n = 16), empowering chronic anemia patients to serially monitor their hemoglobin levels instantaneously and remotely. Our app estimates hemoglobin levels by analyzing color and metadata of fingernail bed smartphone photos and detects anemia (hemoglobin levels <12.5 g dL −1) with an accuracy of ☒.4 g dL −1 and a sensitivity of 97% (95% CI, 89–100%) when compared with CBC hemoglobin levels ( n = 100 subjects), indicating its viability to serve as a non-invasive anemia screening tool. We initially targeted anemia, a blood condition characterized by low blood hemoglobin levels that afflicts >2 billion people.
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We introduce a paradigm of completely non-invasive, on-demand diagnostics that may replace common blood-based laboratory tests using only a smartphone app and photos.
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